19/05/05
Jarras de cerveza y vino halladas en lugar de enterramiento.
Arqueólogos han desenterrado una cámara de 5.000 años de edad de la que se cree que podía haber sido utilizada para los rituales de enterramiento del primer gran faraón de Egipto. En el sitio fue hallado un depósito con 200 jarras de cerámica de cerveza y vino, dijeron el jueves las autoridades egipcias. El recinto funerario del rey Hor-Aha, el fundador la Primera Dinastía egipcia, incluye también una capilla de culto donde el suelo y salientes están manchados con material orgánico - probablemente los restos de las ofrendas hechas durante los rituales, dijo el Consejo Supremo de Antigüedades de Egipto. "Es un descubrimiento muy importante porque nos proporcionaría información nueva acerca de la Primera Dinastía," dijo a los periodistas Zahi Hawass, jefe del Consejo Supremo de Antigüedades. Los ladrillos de adobe del recinto funerario fueron descubiertos por una excavación Americana conjunta de la Universidad de Yale, el Museo de la Universidad de Pennsylvania y la Universidad de Nueva York en Shunet El-Zebib, parte la ciudad faraónica sagrada de Abydos, donde muchos de los primeros faraones de Egipto fueron enterrados, 400 km al sur de Cairo. Se cree que el recinto es el lugar en donde fue guardado el cuerpo del rey Hor-Aha durante los rituales de enterramiento. Su tumba está cerca, en Abydos, aunque no se sabe si fue enterrado allí. El recinto incluye también tres tumbas rectangulares con techos de madera cubiertos con esteras de cañas - uno con un esqueleto en buen estado de conservación de una mujer y otra tumba con restos de huesos humanos. Hawass dijo que expertos están tratando de identificar los restos. El recinto tiene también una cámara con recipientes que llevan signos jeroglíficos que indican que fueron hechos durante el reinado de Hor-Aha. ... Las dinastías egipcias posteriores vinieron a identificar Abydos como el sitio de entierro del Dios Osiris. Los frascos de la cerveza y el vino se encontraron en excavaciones realizadas a lo largo de los muros del recinto funerario del rey Jasejemuy, segundo faraón de la I Dinastía que gobernó alrededor de 2700 AC.
Fuente: IOL

EN INGLÉS:

19/05/05
Beer and wine jars found at burial site
Cairo - Archaeologists have uncovered a 5 000-year-old chamber believed to have been used for the burial rituals of Egypt's first major pharaoh. Acache of 200 rough ceramic beer and wine jars was found at the site, Egyptian authorities said on Thursday. The mortuary enclosure of King Hur-Aha, the founder of Egypt's First Dynasty, also included a cultic chapel where the floor and benches are stained with organic material - probably the remains of offerings made during rituals, Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities said. "It is a very important discovery because it would provide us with new information about the First Dynasty," Zahi Hawass, head of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, told reporters.  The mud-brick mortuary enclosure was discovered by a joint American excavation from Yale University, the Pennsylvania University Museum and New York University at Shunet El-Zebib, part of the pharaonic holy city of Abydos, where many of Egypt's earlier pharaohs are buried, 400km south of Cairo. The enclosure in believed to be where the body of King Hur-Aha was kept  during burial rituals. His tomb is nearby in Abydos, though it's not knownwhether he was buried there. The enclosure also included three rectangular tombs with wooden ceilings covered with reed matting - one with a well-preserved skeleton of a woman and another tomb with remains of human bones. Hawass said experts were trying to identify the remains. The enclosure also had a chamber of potswith hieroglyphs indicating they were made during the reign of Hur-Aha.  Hur-Aha, who ruled around 3100 BC - 500 years before the pyramids were built - is considered the first pharaoh of the First Dynasty, the first royal family to control both Upper and Lower Egypt in a unified kingdom. But little is known of the era. Later Egyptian dynasties came to identify  Abydos as the burial site of thegod Osiris. The beer and wine jars were found in excavations along the walls of the mortuary enclosure of King Khasekhemwy, a Second Dynasty pharoah who ruledaround 2700 BC. - Sapa-AP

05/05/05
Descubierta ruinas de 'consejo consultivo' de época Ptolomea
Un equipo de arqueólogos franceses descubrió las ruinas de la sede de un 'consejo consultivo' de la dinastía griega de los ptolomeos, en la provincia de Al Faiyum, a unos 100 kilómetros al suroeste de El Cairo.  El hallazgo fue realizado en la zona de Um al Bureigat, cerca del templo ptolomeo del dios cocodrilo Sobek, situado en la que fue la ciudad de Teptunis, importante centro religioso y económico del periodo ptolomeo, explicó a EFE Sabri Abdelaziz, uno de los responsables del Consejo Supremo de Antigüedades (CSA) egipcias.   El secreta io general de la institución, Zahi Hawas, resaltó, por su parte, que los vestigios descubiertos formaban parte de un edificio que también era usado para administrar los asuntos de la región y realizar otras reuniones.   El lugar, construido con adobe de barro, es un gran recinto cuadrado, en cuyo interior se encontraron tres estelas de piedra caliza con inscripciones esculpidas, y un conjunto de utensilios domésticos fabricadas de madera y  cerámica, precisó Hawas.  Los arqueólogos galos también hallaron estatuillas de terracota, calderas y  monedas metálicas', puntualizó Hawas.   La dinastía Ptolomea, que gobernó en Egipto desde el año 332 antes de Cristo al 30 después de Cristo, fue establecida por el lugarteniente de Alejandro Magno, el general Ptolomeo, y desapareció con la muerte de la famosa reina  Cleopatra VII, que fue vencida por las tropas del Imperio Romano.  Por otra parte, la policía egipcia se incautó de un total de 127 talismanes  de divinidades de la época faraónica y romana, que un sastre y un obrero ofrecían a la venta, informaron hoy fuentes policiales locales.   Las fuentes indicaron que el obrero, identificado como Hani Gibril, de 28 años, fue detenido en la zona de las tres grandes Pirámides de Giza, donde trataba de vender las piezas arqueológicas a los turistas extranjeros.   Gibril confesó ante la policía que las antigüedades le habían sido  proporcionadas por el sastre Abdelnaser Ahmed, de 41 años, en cuya vivienda los agentes de seguridad encontraron los talismanes que representan a Yahuti -dios de la sabiduría y la verdad-, Set, el dios del mal, y Bastet,  la diosa faraónica representada en forma de gato.   Ahmed reconoció ante la Policía que desenterró las antigüedades de una excavación en la localidad de Badrachin, a unos 17 kilómetros de las  Pirámides de Giza.  

A los dos detenidos también se les incautó 53 monedas de bronce de la época
romana.
Terra Actualidad - EFE

03/05/05
Arqueólogos egipcios localizan cerca de El Cairo la momia más "hermosa" hallada hasta ahora
El Cairo. -- Arqueólogos egipcios han descubierto a 70 kilómetros al suroeste de El Cairo la que han descrito como la momia más "hermosa" de las halladas hasta ahora en Egipto por la luminosidad de los colores con la que está pintada su envoltura. El cuerpo, que se desconoce a quién pertenece y que data de la última dinastía faraónica --la XXX, que gobernó entre el 378 y 341 antes de Cristo--, ha sido localizado en excavaciones realizadas en la zona monumental de Saqara.

"Efectivamente, se trata de la momia más bonita encontrada hasta ahora en Egipto, por los colores azul turquesa, amarillo dorado y rojo con que esta pintada su envoltura de lino, endurecida con yeso y otros materiales", ha dicho el egiptólogo Sabri Abdelaziz, uno de los responsables del Consejo Supremo de Antigüedades (CSA).
Exámenes radiológicos
La momia que fue encontrada ayer junto a la pirámide de Teti, primer soberano de la VI dinastía (2322-2130 a.C.), está engalanada con una mascara de oro y un conjunto de imágenes pintadas que representan a los dioses Jeber, Horus, Maet, Anubis y Osiris.  "El cuerpo será sometido a exámenes radiológicos para tratar de determinar el sexo y el puesto que ostentaba el muerto, además de para intentar conocer más aspectos de la última dinastía faraónica que gobernó Egipto", ha explicado Abdelaziz. El secretario general del CSA, Zahi Hawas, coincidió con Abdelaziz en destacar la importancia del descubrimiento, al recalcar que "no existe en nuestros museos ningún cuerpo pintado de esa forma y con esos llamativos colores".
Fuente con fotografías:
http://tinyurl.com/d7dsj 
Otra fotografía:
http://tinyurl.com/93zf3 
Otros enlaces en castellano con y sin fotografías:
http://tinyurl.com/aeapl 
http://tinyurl.com/ddqgc 
http://tinyurl.com/ahw4h  

La misma noticia aparecida el 28/04/05 en inglés en donde también podéis ver un vídeo:
http://tinyurl.com/dwnsg  

28/04/05
Desenterrados sellos utilizados en misiones al desierto faraónico.
Arqueólogos egipcios han descubierto un número de curiosos sellos faraónicos de soldados enviados al desierto en misiones de búsqueda de pintura roja para decorar las pirámides, dijo el jueves el ministro de cultura de Egipto.  Los 26 sellos, del tamaño de una caja de cerillas, pertenecían a Cheops, que gobernó desde el año 2551 al 2528 a.C., en cuyo honor se construyeron las grandes pirámides de Giza al suroeste de El Cairo, y muestran el rango de los soldados, especificó la agencia de noticias MENA citando a Farup Hosni. "Esos sellos fueronutilizados por una misión enviada por Cheops para recolectar óxido de hierro, que es necesario para hacer pintura roja, dijo Zahi Hawass, Secretario General del Alto Consejo de Antigüedades.  Unos 50 fragmentos de cerámica con improntas de los sellos de barro y piedra fueron hallados cerca de la región de las pirámides de Giza. "Los artesanos de esa época necesitaban óxido de hierro para decorar las pirámides, así  como otras instalaciones funerarias de la IV Dinastía", a la que pertenecía Cheops, dijo Hawass.  Los sellos prueban la naturaleza oficial de las misiones enviadas a las regiones del desierto", añadió. La misión estaba formada por 400 hombres y un grupo de personas cuyo trabajo era cocinar durante el viaje", de acuerdo con las inscripciones de las piezas de cerámica.  "Los arqueólogos también han hallado varias bolsas de piel que contenían óxido de hierro traída por la misión", añadió.
Fuente: Daily Times
 
EN INGLÉS
 
Seals used on Pharaonic desert missions unearthed
Egyptian archaeologists have discovered a number of rare Pharaonic seals of soldiers sent out on desert missions in search of red paint to decorate the pyramids, Egypt's culture minister said on Thursday. The 26 matchbox-sized seals belonged to Cheops, who ruled from 2551 to 2528 BC, in whose honour the greatest of the great pyramids of Giza southwest of Cairo was built, and show Pharaonic soldiers' ranks, the MENA news agency quoted Faruq Hosni as saying. "These seals were used by a mission sent by Cheops to collect ferric oxide, which  is necessary to make red paint," said Zahi Hawwas, secretary general of the Higher Council of Antiquities. Over 50 pottery fragments bearing imprints from the clay and stone seals  were found nearby in the region of the Giza pyramids. "Artisans at the time needed ferric oxide to  decorate the pyramids as well as (other) material and funerary installations of the IVth dynasty," to which Cheops belonged, said Hawwas.  "The seals proved the official nature of the missions sent to desert regions," he added. "The mission was made up of 400 men and a group  of people whose job it was to cook during the journey," according to  inscriptions on the pottery pieces. "Archaeologists also found a number of leather bags containing ferric oxide  brought back by the mission," he said.

20/04/05

- Un equipo arqueológico americano-egipcio ha excavado lo que se cree que es el complejo funerario predinástico más grande jamás descubierto, cerca de la ciudad de Edfú, en el Alto Egipto -

Pre-dynastic graveyard has experts buzzing Cairo

A joint American-Egyptian archaeological team has excavated what is believed to be the largest ever discovered pre-dynastic funerary complex near the Upper Egyptian city of Edfu, antiquities officials said on Wednesday. The complex, called a "major discovery" by head of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) Zahi Hawass, was found enclosed in a well-preserved wall of wooden posts. An SCA statement said on Wednesday that the complex "consists of a large rectangular tomb covered with the earliest known superstructure and a wooden offering table". The funeral complex structure is believed to date back to the era of early Naqada II (3600 BC), belonging to "one of the early rulers of Hierakonpolis, who undoubtedly controlled a large portion of Upper Egypt", the statement said. 'A complete figurine of a cow head skilfully carved from flint' Four badly preserved bodies were found on the stone floor at the tomb's west end which archaeologists believe may belong to sacrificed retainers or prisoners who were buried at the foot of the grave. Hawass said the practice of sacrificing retainers and burying them near their kings is known in the First Dynasty. One rare discovery was of "a complete figurine of a cow head skilfully carved from flint", the statement said. Such figurines were extremely rare with about 50 examples discovered to date, Hawass said. Earlier excavation of the same site had uncovered a flint ibex figurine currently exhibited at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. "Uncovering two fine examples (of flint figurines) in one site is really a stroke of luck," Hawass said. An additional 46 limestone fragments of Egypt's "earlier human life-size statue were found along with fragments of two ceramic funerary masks and a collection of fine pots that indicate the date of the funerary complex". "This is a major discovery and will add greatly to our knowledge of the period when Egypt was first becoming a nation," said Hawass.

18/04/2005

Misión arqueológica encuentra sarcófago intacto en Oxirrinco

La misión arqueológica de la Universidad de Barcelona ha encontrado un sarcófago intacto en la antigua ciudad egipcia de Oxirrinco de la época saita, correspondiente a la XXVI dinastía que reinó entre los siglos VII y VI antes de Cristo. La momia que había en el interior del sarcófago, según ha informado hoy la Universidad de Barcelona, será sometida a una exploración endoscópica el próximo mes de junio por Annie Perrault, especialista de la Universidad francesa de Montpellier. El hallazgo ha sido efectuado por la expedición arqueológica que cada año dirige el catedrático de Egiptología Josep Padró en Oxirrinco. En otro sarcófago de la misma tumba se encontró un escarabeo (el escarabajo sagrado de los egipcios) esculpido en piedra semipreciosa y con 8 columnas de jeroglíficos que está siendo traducido. Este sarcófago, que había sido violado en la antigüedad, pertenecía a una mujer de familia noble. Durante la campaña se realizaron trabajos de limpieza y acondicionamiento del templo subterráneo dedicado al culto de Osiris, descubierto en 2001, y en el que se encontró una estatua de tres metros de altura dedicada a este dios de los muertos y la vegetación. El templo contiene también una sala con nichos donde se hacían entierros rituales como 'simulacros de momias de Osiris' que representaban la resurrección de esta deidad. Los arqueólogos barceloneses han constatado también que esta sala sufre riesgo de hundimiento por lo que necesita ser apuntalada, tarea que se llevará a cabo próximamente. Este yacimiento arqueológico se encuentra situado a 190 kilómetros al sur de El Cairo y fue identificado como la antigua ciudad de Oxirrinco por parte de uno de los componentes de la expedición egipcia de Napoleón Bonaparte. Desee 1992, la Universidad de Barcelona forma parte del grupo de entidades que realizan excavaciones en la zona.

Terra Actualidad - EFE

14/04/05
- Ballena hallada en el Desierto egipcio -
Whale Found in Egypt Desert
Egypt may not be the first place you'd look for whales, but once upon a time the Wadi Hitan desert was underwater and teeming with the sea giants. Just this week here, geologist Philip D. Gingerich announced his team had excavated thefirst known nearly complete skeleton of a Basilosaurus isis (pictured). The 50-foot-long (18-meter-long), 40-million-year-old fossil will now be shipped to Michigan, where experts will preserve it. Later they will return the fossil to Egyptalong with a complete cast of the skeleton. The first of the truly gigantic whales, Basilosaurus had the serpentine shape of a sea monster and short, sharp teeth for hunting sharks and other prey. Unlike today's whales, it had noblowhole-the ancient behemoth had to raise its head above water to breathe. What's more, Basilosaurus still had the feet it inherited from its land-dwelling ancestors, according to Gingerich, who works for the University of Michigan andis a National Geographic Society grantee.
Fuente: National Geographic
 
30/03/05
- Arqueólogos hallan restos de barcos utilizados por los antiguos egipcios para viajes comerciales en la costa del Mar Rojo -
Archaeologists have found the remains of boats used by ancient Egyptians for trading trips, the culture minister said in comments published on Wednesday.
The boats were discovered in caves in a pharaonic harbour on Egypt's Red Sea coast around 300 miles southeast of Cairo, Farouk Hosni said in comments carried by Egypt's state MENA news agency They were used to transport goods to and from the Land of Punt, he said. The Land of Punt, mentioned in ancient Egyptian writings, is thought by most archaeologists to be the coast of the Horn of Africa. "Excavations discovered a group of sail and mast ropes, wooden ship beams and thin planks made of cedars, imported from northern Syria," MENA quoted Zahi Hawas, chairman of Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities, as saying. Hawas said a team from Boston University in the United States working with an Italian team had made the discovery.
Fuente: Reuters

Más sobre la misma noticia:
 
18/03/05
Archaeologists discover ancient ships in Egypt
- Arqueólogos descubren antiguos barcos en Egipto -
Kathryn Bard, a CAS associate professor of archaeology, recently discovered the first ancient remains of Egyptian seafaring ships Kathryn Bard had "the best Christmas ever" this past December when she discovered the well-preserved timbers andriggings of pharaonic seafaring ships inside two man-made caves on Egypt's Red Sea coast. They are the first pieces ever recovered from Egyptian seagoing vessels, and along with hieroglyphic inscriptions found near one of the caves, they promise to shed light on an elaborate network of ancient Red Sea trade. Bard, a CAS associate professor of archaeology, and her former student Chen Sian Lim (CAS'01) had been shoveling sand for scarcely an hour on their first day of excavation on a parched bluff rising from the shore at WadiGawasis when a fist-sized hole appeared in the hillside. "I stuck my hand in, and that was the entrance to the first cave," Bard says. "Things like that don't happen very often in archaeology." Led by Bard and Italian archaeologist Rodolfo Fattovich of the University of Naples l'Orientale, the team uncovered the rectangular entrance to a second cave, constructed with cedar beams and blocks of limestone that were former ship anchors. Insid they found a network of larger rooms and an assortment of nautical items, among them ropes, a wooden bowl, and a mesh bag. They also found two curved cedar planks that were probably the steering oars on a 70-foot-long ship from Queen Hatshepsut's famous 15th-century b.c. naval expedition to Punt, a trade destination somewhere in the southern Red Sea region. Buried in sand outside the second cave, the team found a piece of rope still tied in what she believes is a sailor's knot. "It must have come from a ship," she says. "It couldn't have been used for anything else." Fragments of pottery scattered near the artifacts date to Egypt's early 18th dynasty, circa 1500 b.c., around the time Hatshepsut reigned. The archaeologists also discovered several stelae (pronounced steely), limestone slabs about the size of small modern tombstones, installed in niches outside the second cave. Most were blank, but Bard found one, face down in the sand, with the cartouche of King Amenemhat III, who ruled about  1800 b.c. The text recounts two expeditions led by government officials to Punt and Bia-Punt, whose location is uncertain. "That this stela has been preserved with very little damage for that long is really unusual," she says, "and the preservation of organic material in the caves is truly remarkable. I've worked in Egypt since 1976, and I've never seen anything like this." Bard's colleagues share her enthusiasm. "I think it is a very exciting discovery," says John Baines, an Egyptologist on the faculty of oriental studies at Oxford University. "People have tended to assume that the Egyptians didn't do a tremendous amount of long-distance travel because very few remains of these sites have been found." Based on texts discovered over a century ago, reseachers have known that Egyptians mounted naval expeditions to Punt as far back as the Old Kingdom (2686-2125 b.c.). In Punt  they acquired gold, ebony, elephant ivory, leopard skins, and exotic animals such as baboons that were kept as pets, along with the frankincense necessary for religious rituals.
The discovery is shedding light on other aspects of the Red Sea trade. "It was not known until we found this stela that King Amenemhat III had sent any expeditions to Punt," Bard says. "That makes this an important historical text." The team also found fragments of pottery inside the small cave that the Italian archaeologists believe originated in Yemen, which suggests the Egyptians either sailed further than had been previously thought or were part of a more complex web of trade. Sailing to  Punt required a tremendous investment of manpower. Egyptian shipbuilders harvested cedar from the mountains of Lebanon and transported it up the Nile to a shipbuilding site, where the vessels were first assembled and then disassembled into travel-ready pieces that could be carried on a 10-day journey across about 100 miles of desert to the coast.  "The logistics involved were phenomenal," Bard says. "They'd have to carry fresh water and supplies for travel." Egyptian sailors wove rope (bottom) from halfa grass and may have used this rope bag (top) to haul cargo to and from the land of Punt about 3,500 years ago. Photos by Cinzia Perlingieri  Trading places During the 1990s, Bard and Fattovich had conducted a 10-year excavation near Aksum, Ethiopia, where they found evidence of a previously unknown period in African civilization. But when war broke out along the Eritrean border in 1998, they decided to relocate to the Egyptian coastline. The team went first to Wadi Gawasis in 2001 to investigate "the other end of Red Sea trade," Bard says. Fattovich selected Wadi Gawasis because in the 1970s an Egyptian archaeologist had identified it as the likely location of the ancient seaport of Saaw, known from texts as the departure point for expeditions to Punt. The team limits its excavation to the six weeks between semesters each winter, avoiding the extreme heat and humidity during the summer.
While Bard is thrilled by the recent cave discoveries, she notes that they have only begun to discover the secrets of Wadi Gawasis. "I'm sure there's at least one other cave we haven't excavated yet," she says. "There may be many more. And we've only just cleared out the entrance to the large cave, and it's enormous. We have years' more work to do there." When she returns next December, she will be joined by a researcher who will use ground-penetrating radar to determine if there are more caves and to estimate how far back the known caves extend. An engineer will help the team support the partially collapsed ceilings in some of the caves. "It was the find of a lifetime," Bard says, "and there's much more to discover there."

Fuente: B.U. Bridge


16/03/05
Remains of ancient Egyptian seafaring ships discovered
- Restos de antiguos barcos mercantes descubiertos -
The first remains of ancient Egyptian seagoing ships ever to be recovered have been found in two caves on Egypt's Red Sea coast, according to a team at Boston University in the US. The team also found fragments of pottery at the site, which could help resolve controversies about the extent of ancient Egyptian trade voyages.But details of the newly disclosed finds remain sketchy. Kathryn Bard, who co-led the dig with Italian archaeologists in December 2004, has revealed to the Boston University weekly community newsletter that the team found a range of items - including timbers and riggings - inside the man-made caves, located at the coastal Pharaonic site of Wadi Gawasis. According to the report, pottery in the caves could date at least some of the artefacts to a famous 15th century BC naval expedition by Queen Hatshepsut to the mysterious, incense-producing land of Punt. This voyage is depicted in detailed reliefs on Queen Hatshepsut's temple on the west bank of the Nile, near modern-day Luxor. Bard declined to speak to New Scientist. But the find is exciting, says John Baines, professor of Egyptology at the University of Oxford, UK, who has been in contact with Bard. "These finds put flesh on wat we might have imagined," he says.
Gold and ebony
The pottery finds include items the Italian researchers think could be from Yemen - a potential candidate for the modern identity of Punt. The ancient Egyptians sourced a variety of exotic wares in Punt, including gold, ebony and incense. "The Yemeni pottery is very interesting because it was suspected that there were contacts across the Red Sea - and this proves that there were," Bainessays. The naval artefacts included two curved cedar planks which might have been parts of steering oars. But linking these to Queen Hatshepsut's famous voyage might be a little too specific, he says. "Kathryn [Bard] has told me the pottery is early New Kingdom, and we know of no other expedition to Punt in that period, so it is a reasonable guess. But we also have to bear in mind that almost everything from antiquity is lost, so there could well have been other voyages." It is not clear exactly why the artefacts were sealed up inside the caves. But it is possible that they were offerings to the Egyptian gods. "That sounds very plausible to me, not least because previous excavations found a structure made of stone anchors that could again be some sort of thanks-offering," says Baines. The team plans to return to the caves in December 2005 to continue their excavations.
Fuente: NewScientist.com
 
25/03/05
Pharaonic fortress found inside turquoise mines in Sinai
- Fortaleza faraónica hallada en el interior de unas minas de turquesa y cobre en el Sinaí -
An Egyptian-Canadian mission unearthed a Fort from the Old Kingdom in Fairuz area in South Sinai. The mission, which is represented by experts from Egypt's Supreme Council for Antiquities and Toronto University, was conducting digging operations in Sahl El Markha site, 160 kilometers south of Suez, on the Western Coast of Sinai. Dr. Mohamad Abdel Maqsoud, director-general of the Lower Egypt and Sinai monuments, said the unearthed stone fort rose three to Four metres high. "The Fort was discovered inside turquoise and copper mines in the area.

Fuente: EOL 

19/03/05
Descubren una calavera que pudo ser del hijo primogénito de Ramsés II en el Valle de los Reyes en Egipto
Un equipo de arqueólogos ha descubierto una calavera en el Valle de los Reyes (Egipto) que puede ser del hijo primogénito del poderoso faraón Ramsés II, que dataría de hace unos 3.000 años, según detalló en Madrid elprestigioso egiptólogo Kent Weeks, que además señaló que los restos encontrados "tienen signos de muerte violenta". Las particularidades del hallazgo se emitirán en televisión el 6 de abril a las 21,00 horas por Discovery Channel en el documental "El castigo de Ramsés:¿Divino o terrenal?", en el marco del programa "Egiptomanía: Semana de Enigmas y Evidencias", que se proyectará del 4 al 8 de abril. En el documental se exponen los recientes descubrimientos del arqueólogo Weeks y su grupo de expertos para examinar, analizar, medir y reconstruir digitalmente la calavera encontrada en la tumba KV 5, aparentemente destinada al enterramiento de los hijos más destacados del faraón Ramsés II, faraón tercero de la XIX dinastía. La clave que delata la posibilidad de que la calavera encontrada pertenezca al príncipe heredero Amun-her-Khepeshef, el hijo primogénito de Ramsés II que nunca llegó a gobernar, sería la fractura circular detectada en uno de los laterales del cráneo, con un diámetro de entre 2 y 2,5 centímetros, que parece deberse a un golpe de piedra, previsiblemente recibido en alguna batalla.
Los restos de este cráneo se corresponderían con una persona adulta, de entre 40 y 50 años, por los datos obtenidos de las distintas pruebas a las que fueron sometidos, según explicó Weeks durante la presentación del documental, en la que también intervino el director productor del mismo, Anthony Geffen. Otra de las pistas para sospechar que la calavera pertenece a Amun-her-Khepeshef tiene que ver con las representaciones encontradas en uno de los muros de la tumba KV 5, que tiene más de un centenar de pasadizos y es la más importante hallada hasta el momento en el Valle de los Reyes. En todo caso la fiabilidad de que el cráneo hallado corresponda al hijo primogénito de Ramsés II es de entre el 50 y el 60%, precisó Weeks al término de la presentación del documental ante un reducido grupo de periodistas.
En 1995, el doctor Weeks descubrió la principal sección de la KV 5, una enorme "tumba perdida" en el Valle de los Reyes de Egipto. Su descubrimiento fue considerado como el más importante desde el hallazgo de Tutankamon. Durante su trabajo en este yacimiento, el equipo de arqueólogos encontró la calavera que podría pertenecer al 'hijo perdido' de Ramsés II. La Biblia, en entredicho De confirmarse que Amun-her-Khepeshef murió realmente a causa de un golpe de piedra quedarían en entredicho acontecimientos bíblicos como la muerte de todos los varones primogénitos en Egipto después de que el faraón desafiara  las órdenes de Dios cuando le pidió que liberara a los esclavos hebreos. Al parecer, el faraón que reinaba en Egipto entonces era Ramsés II (quien gobernó hasta pasados los ochenta años, desde los veinte), y por eso, de ser  ciertas las alusiones bíblicas a las diez plagas, el hijo primogénito de ese faraón habría muerto a causa de una de ellas y no en una batalla, como parece desvelarse ahora. En la tumba KV 5 donde se ha hallado la calavera supuestamente de  Amun-her-Khepesher se encontraron también restos de otros tres esqueletos, que podrían ser hermanos de Amun-her-Khepeshef, como se deduce de los datos obtenidos por el equipo de Weeks que utiliza la fotografía digital de alta  resolución y medidas craniométricas para reunir la mayor cantidad de datos posible sobre este cráneo. Las imágenes realizadas con un escáner y las fotografías de alta resolución  tomadas fueron enviadas además a un patólogo para que estableciera las causas de la muerte de Amun-her-Khepeshef, quien rentemente era hijo también de Nefertari esposa más atractiva de Ramsés II, según los datos que se tienen de la época.  Al parecer Amun-her-Khepeshef era conocido como el más guerrero y batallador de los más de cien hijos que se le atribuyen a Ramsés II, de quienes se conoce sólo el nombre de  49 que tuvo con esposas principales. En la tumba KV 5 aparecen inscripciones de seis de ellos, aparte del de Amun-her-Khepeshef, y representaciones de otros veinte, añadió Weeks, quien prevé retomar la investigación en esa zona del Valle de los Reyes el próximo otoño. 

Fuente: El Mundo

02/03/05

Tres momias de la Dinastía XXVI, pertenecientes a dos hombres y una mujer, han sido halladas en el cementerio de Teti en Saqqara.

Todas las noticias sobre este nuevo descubrimiento, pinchando en el enlace superior, incluidas fotografías de las momias descubiertas.

19/02/05
Descubierta estatua de faraón de hace 3.700 años en sur de Egipto
El Cairo, 19 feb (EFE).- Una estatua de un faraón que data de hace aproximadamente 3.700 años fue descubierta en la ciudad monumental de Luxor, a unos 730 kilómetros al sur de El Cairo, publica hoy la prensa local. 

Fuente: EFE
 
Más sobre la misma noticia:
  
Descubren estatua de faraón de hace 3.700 años en sur de Egipto
La antigüedad fue hallada por un equipo de arqueólogos franco-egipcios en un lugar próximo al obelisco de la reina faraónica Hatchepsut, en los templos de Karnak, señalaron expertos, citados por la prensa.(EFE) EL CAIRO, febrero 19 .- Una estatua de un faraón que data de hace aproximadamente 3.700 años fue descubierta en la ciudad monumental de Luxor, a unos 730 kilómetros al sur de El Cairo, publica hoy la prensa local. La antigüedad fue hallada por un equipo de arqueólogos franco-egipcios en un lugar próximo al obelisco de la reina faraónica Hatchepsut, en los templos de Karnak, señalaron expertos, citados por la prensa. La estatua, que mide 1,8 metros y está fabricada en piedra caliza, tiene esculpida la palabra "neferhoteb", que en el alfabeto jeroglífico significa el "hermoso bueno", uno de los títulos que ostentaba el faraón. Según los arqueólogos, la estatua representa a uno de los reyes de la XIII dinastía que gobernó durante el Segundo Periodo Intermedio, y que se prolongó entre los años 1777 y 1680 antes de Cristo. Los expertos destacaron que la pieza descubierta constituye una rara y valiosa obra de arte que desmiente que la opinión que hasta ahora tenían los egiptólogos respecto a que el nivel del arte que floreció durante las anteriores dinastías faraónicas había descendido notablemente en el Segundo Periodo Intermedio.
Fuente: Terra Chile

19/02/05
Coptic trove
- Un equipo polaco ha encontrado varios documentos coptos en Al-Gurnah -
Luxor's west bank was the site of a significant find.19/02/05
Coptic trove
- Un equipo polaco ha encontrado varios documentos coptos en Al-Gurnah -
Luxor's west bank was the site of a significant find.
In Al-Gurna where several excavation missions are probing for more Ancient Egyptian treasures under the sand, a team from the Polish Centre for Mediterranean Archaeology has stumbled on a major Coptic trove buried under the remains of a sixth-century monastery located in front of a Middle Kingdom tomb.Excavators unearthed two papyri books with Coptic text along with a set of parchments placed between two wooden labels as well as Coptic ostraca, pottery fragments and textiles. The head of the team, Tomaz Gorecki, said the books were well preserved except for the papyri papers which were exceptionally dry. The first book has a hard plain cover embellished with Roman text from the inside while the second includes no less than 50 papers coated with a partly deteriorated leather cover bearing geometrical drawings. In the middle, a squared cross 32cm long and 26cm wide is found. As for the set of parchments, Gorecki said it included 60 papers with a damaged leather cover and an embellished wooden locker. Immediately after the discovery, restoration was carried out in order to preserve the books which will be the subject of extensive restoration by two Polish experts. It is a very important discovery, equal to the Naga Hammadi scrolls" found in 1945 in an Ancient Egyptian cave inhabited by Copts during the Roman era, said Zahi Hawass, secretary-general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities. Hawass said the scrolls were originally found in a large sealed stone jar by a murderer while hiding from the police. But when the renowned writer Taha Hussein was the minister of education, he bought the scrolls in a marketplace and offered them to the Coptic Museum. Hawass added that the scrolls include 13 religious and philosophic codices translated into Coptic by fourth-century Gnostic Christians and translated into English by dozens of highly reputable experts. The Naga Hammadi scrolls is a diverse collection of texts that the Gnostics considered to be related to their heretical philosophy. There are 45 separate titles, including a Coptic translation from the Greek of two well-known works: the Gospel of Thomas, attributed to Jesus's brother Judas, and Plato's Republic. The word "gnosis" is defined as "the immediate knowledge of spiritual truth". Archaeologist Mustafa Waziri said the codices are believed to be a library hidden by monks from a monastery in the area where these writings were banned by the Orthodox Church. The contents of the codices were written in Coptic though the works were mostly translations from Greek. The most famous of these is probably the Gospel of Thomas, of which the Naga Hammadi codices contain the only complete copy. After the discovery it was recognised that fragments of these sayings of Jesus appeared in manuscripts that had been discovered in Oxyrhynchus in 1898, and quotations were recognised in other early Christian sources. The manuscripts themselves are from the third and fourth centuries.  Early examinations and studies carried out in situ revealed that the newly discovered books could include more information about how early Christians performed their rituals.
  

24/01/05
Hallan una momia en perfecto estado de conservación anterior a Tutankamon
Pertenece a un funcionario de la Administración del Antiguo Egipto enterrado hace 3.750 años Un equipo de la Universidad Waseda, de Tokio, dirigido por Sakuji Yoshimura,realizó el hallazgo dado a conocer ahora el pasado 5 de enero en la zona de Dahasur, situada al norte de Egipto. La momia -que aún no ha sido inspeccionada, pero que tiene un «excelente» grado de conservación- se encontraba dentro de un sarcófago de madera, uno de los más antiguos que se han descubierto, con numerosas inscripciones, entre ellas jeroglíficos con la identidad del cuerpo momificado: un alto funcionario del Antiguo Egiptoenterrado hace unos 3.750 años, anterior por tanto a Tutankamon. El Cairo- Ciento ochenta años después de que Jean-François Champollion abriera los ojos del mundo a las maravillas del Antiguo Egipto, otro extranjero, el japonés Sakuji Yoshimura, ha protagonizado el último descubrimiento de la egiptología: la momia en perfecto estado de un hombre enterrado hace alrededor de 3.750 años. En equipo de la universidad Waseda de Tokio, dirigido por Yoshimura, realizó el hallazgo el pasado 5 de enero en la zona de Dahasur, situada al norte de Egipto.   «El descubrimiento tiene un alto valor académico. El cuerpo momificado ha sido encontrado en un sarcófago de madera completamente cerrado, que se cree uno de los más antiguos de este tipo hallados», declaró el director de las excavaciones, quien aseveró que la momia pertenece a una época anterior a la del célebre faraón Tutankamon, que rigió los designios del Antiguo Egipto entre 1336 y 1327 antes de Cristo. El gran valor del hallazgo no sólo se debe a la antigüedad del enterramiento, sino también a su excelente estado de conservación, debido a que nunca ha sido expoliado ni dañado. Durante siglos, el saqueo de las tumbas del Antiguo Egipcio ha sido una constante, lo que ha provocado que cientos de enterramientos de valor incalculable hayan sido arruinados en mayor o menor grado. Para la identificación de la momia y su época ha sido determinante el estudio del sarcófago, el cual estaba pintado de amarillo y llevaba inscritos un gran número de jeroglíficos en color azul claro. Según informó el profesor Yoshimura, una vez descifradas las inscripciones del ataúd se constató que el hombre momificado había sido un funcionario de la administración del Antiguo Egipcio. El sarcófago, que se encontraba a cinco metros bajo tierra, incluía además jeroglíficos con el nombre del individuo que contiene en su interior. Alrededor de la sepultura se encontraron numerosos objetos y accesorios funerarios, una práctica habitual en los enterramientos de la época. Los expertos no han inspeccionado la momia todavía; se han limitado al estudio del sarcófago, las inscripciones y los utensilios. Arrojar algo de luz. El hallazgo puede tener notables consecuencias en su campo.ya que «podría contribuir a arrojar un poco de luz en un área de enterramientos muy importante históricamente desde una perspectiva académica». Las posibilidades de estudio que ofrece la momia, el sarcófago y  os objetos hallados son muy numerosas, y el descubrimiento se produce en un momento especialmente sensible en el mundo de la egiptología, debido al reciente análisis por escáner a la que ha sido sometida la momia de Tutankamon por parte del reconocido experto Zahi Hawass. Muchos temen que la investigación de Hawass desate la «maldición de los faraones», que la leyenda sitúa como una de las causas de la muerte de Lord Carnarvon, patrocinador de la expedición que descubrió la tumba del joven faraón.

Fuente: La Razón Digital.
 

Click to view caption

General view of the uncovered complex; close-up of one of the halls; Professor Majcherek at work

20/01/05
Intellectual life in Roman Alexandria
Descubrimientos de la Misión polaca en Kom el-Daka (Alejandría): la antigua Biblioteca de Alejandría.
The discovery of lecture halls at Kom Al-Dikka has generated popular interest, hasty conclusions and a number of revelations. The Polish mission at Kom Al-Dikka in Alexandria has made several exciting finds over the years, but their latest discovery hard on the heels of the establishment of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina has set tongues buzzing.Grzegorz Majcherek, director of the Polish-Egyptian mission which has been excavating at Kom Al-Dikka for the past 40 or more years, insists that overzealous journalists have rather too hastily linked this latest discovery in Alexandria to the ancient library. "In fact, the newly-excavated complex of lecture halls brings us no closer to determining the actual position of the famous library of antiquity," he says.
Majcherek admits that no physical traces of the renowned institution had yet come to light. "We are still unable to answer questions of key importance such as where it originally stood, and what was its ultimate fate," he says.Archaeology has tried in vain to come to terms with the great Alexandria Library, which remains a living myth even though it is claimed that the Bibliotheca Alexandrina is built on its original site. Ever since Abdel-Rahman Al- Jabarti, better known as Al-Falaki (the astronomer), began to dig systematically for the ancient ruins in Alexandria in the late 19th century, a search for the library has proved a challenge matched only by that for the tomb of Alexander the Great. In both cases, archaeology has farbeen defeated.
However, Majcherek hastened to add, the discovery Al- Dikka did throw new light on key issues such as the nature of academic life in the Alexandria of late antiquity. It also provided astonishing evidence that the intellectual vitality and tradition ofAlexandrian science -- as symbolised by the library and mouseion -- continued well into the seventh century. "Alexandrian scholarship did not end with the murder of Hypatia, the famous female philosopher and mathematician," Majcherek says. "The lecture halls in fact bridged the gap between classical antiquity with the emerging Arab civilisation."
The Roman ruins at Kom Al-Dikka, which lie at the very heart of Alexandria not far from the intersection between Nabi Daniel and Hurriya streets, have yielded surprises ever since the Polish mission in Egypt was first asked to evaluate the antiquities that came to light when an artillery position built by Napoleon's troops was being cleared for development. It soon became clear that the site was far too important to be sacrificed to progress. Excavations commenced, and although the area constitutes the only fragment of the ancient urban layout, discoveries made there season after season have been accompanied by impressive reconstruction. Among the finds were monumental Roman red-brick baths dating from the fourth century and closely associated with an elevated cistern that supplied water, as well as a small theatre with marble tiers of the same period. Both buildings opened to the west into a large open space lined with columns, the agora of late antique Alexandria.
The eastern side of the agora underwent reconstruction in the sixth century, with meeting rooms being built within the colonnade. The theatre was also radically transformed: a dome was constructed over the tiers of steps, thus creating a huge lecture hall in line with surprisingly well preserved smaller chambers. More recent excavations have revealed a vast complex of well-preservedlecture halls of late Roman (fifth to seventh century) date. Some of them had been explored in the 1880s, but their total number has now grown to 13 and Majcherek says that only now has their purpose become apparent. The auditoria have similar dimensions to, and stretch along, the theatre portico, which is also the eastern colonnade of a large public square in the centre of the city. In all the rooms rows of stepped benches run along the walls in a horseshoe shape, with an elevated seat for the lecturer at the rounded end. When new rows of seats appeared in place of the lateral parodoi(passageway separating the stage from the auditorium), the classical semicircular plan of the cavea (auditorium) was changed into a horseshoe-shaped arrangement that archaeologists immediately recognised as similar to that found in the auditoria or lecture halls. The discoveries have shed new light on the function of the theatre, which was excavated back in the 1960s.
The rebuilding on antiquity appears to have been carried out to fulfil the need to adapt to a new function, which was to provide an assembly hall for meetings and lectures, seating a larger audience. Estimates of the capacity of the total number ofauditoria, which are estimated to number 20 in all,  run at several hundred students, which, incidentally, is the estimated capacity of the theatre structure.
This discovery has caused great excitement, since it has become clear that the Polish mission has actually put a finger on the very hub of intellectual life in late Roman Alexandria. The important issue now, according to Majcherek, is to undestand what exactly this complex of auditoria represented. He claims that the entire evidence so far indicates that we are dealing with an academic institution that operated in late antique Alexandria. The central location of the complex in the ancient town, and the characteristic arrangement of particular halls, corroborates the conclusions drawn on their function. Interestingly, all the halls line the back wall of the portico, which is in itself a monumental setting for the structures. These are rectangular and follow the same orientation, but differ in size. Five are located directly to the north of the theatre and are approximately of the same dimensions --their length running in the range from nine to 12 metres. All five of the halls are bordered to the east by a long casing wall that separates the auditoria from an area that had already been abandoned and had become a dumping ground for rubbish and debris.
The main differences observed in the halls lying nearer to the northern end of the portico, according to Majcherek, is that while one of the auditoria shows the same characteristics as described above, another, which adjoined it on the south,demonstrates an entirely different plan. It appears to suggest a function quite unlike a lecture hall in that it departs from the described scheme not only in orientation, but also in the internal arrangement. Instead of benches lining three of the walls, there are two distinct tribunes rising high on two opposite walls and, separately, benches inside the apse, very much like those in ancient churches. Majcherek admits it is difficult to say for certain whether the structure was yet another auditorium. "Perhaps it was rather an ecclesiasticalbuilding, a small church or chapel, that was still part of the complex as a whole," he says. However, the absence of evidence of an altar weakens this hypothesis. Even a summary review of known church plans from Egypt reveals no close analogies although, interestingly, churches with a similar layout of benches in the presbytery are known from Jordan and Palestine. Majcherek points out two distinctive features of all the halls. One is that in some cases the central seat ends with an ordinary block of stone somewhatelevated above the neighbouring seats, and in others with a seat of monumental form with separate steps leading up to it. The other is that almost all the halls have a low pedestal projecting above the floor level, always in the centre of the room opposite the prominently positioned main seat, and usually a stone block covered with plaster -- in one case a marble capital was used for this purpose. Majcherek says these two features are of key importance in identifying the function of the halls. "The central seat undoubtedly served for the important person heading the gathering, and what comes to mind are associations with a lecturer's 'chair', while the pedestal would appear to have been used by students during their oratorical presentations," he says. The date of the abandonment and destruction of the lecture halls poses no problem. In all the halls investigated, graves of the earliest, eighth-century phase of the Muslim cemetery are recorded, in some cases cut into the pavement or benches of the auditorium. Thus, the auditoria were not
abandoned earlier than the late seventh century. This is significant, according to Majcherek, especially in view of evidence that the nearby bath complex was in all likelihood destroyed in consequence of the Persian invasion [in 619 AD] and was ever rebuilt. "That being the case, we can be sure that our baths were not heated with the books from the library -- and put an end to the persistent black legend that places blame on Amr Ibn Al-As for its destruction."
Indeed, the lecture halls appear to have survived all the political tribulations of the first half of the seventh century and continued in use for some time afterwards. Certain evidence for this comes from an Arab inscription on one of the pedestals dating from the very beginning of the ninth century. The grand square at the crossroads of the two main arteries of the ancient town were also mentioned in early Arab sources, corresponding perfectly with the topography of Kom Al-Dikka. The location ofthe complex of auditoria near a square of monumental proportions suggests special status, further emphasised by the nearby presence of imperial baths. This entire urban district encompassing a vast square, baths, theatre and, finally, a set of municipal lecture halls, deserves serious consideration as the proper centre of the social life of Alexandria in late antiquity, and gradually taking over the role of the Ptolemaic gymnasium.Majcherek points out that while surviving biographies such as the Vita Severi by Zacharias of Mithylene and the Vita Isidori by Damascios, as well as letters and other literary sources, provide a vivid and colourful picture of the academic life of the epoch, none of these records gives topographical references that might help identify the complex. "The richness of historical sources is unfortunately still balanced by archaeological ignorance," he says. "[Kom Al- Dikka] might well be university but we shall have to wait for the results of further excavations before making more specific and univocal conclusions".

Fuente: Al Ahram Weekly
 
20/01/05
Hallan veinte momias en el Oasis de Bahariya

Hace 2 mil 500 años este, el oasis de Bahariya, en Egipto, era habitando por gente acaudalada que hizo su fortuna vendiendo vino. Hoy en día se conoce como el Valle de las Momias Doradas. Recientemente 20 momias fueron descubiertas en esta zona. Zahi Hawass, del Consejo de Antigüedades, en Egipto, dijo: "una de ellas es quizá la más hermosa momia que encontramos esta ocasión, porque su cara está cubierta con oro". Se cree que fue un sacerdote perteneciente a la familia que gobernó el oasis hace más de dos milenios. Con ellas ya suman 234 pero se espera encontrar muchas más. "Reconstruimos la historia del sitio en el Valle de las Momias Doradas para entender la vida de la gente que realmente vivió en esta área, porque estaárea es muy rica y esperamos descubrir 10 mil momias", indicó Hawass. Además descubrieron 50 monedas de cobre que, de acuerdo con las creencias, eran usadas por los muertos para pagar su tarifa para pasar a la otra vida a bordo de botes. Actualmente los arqueólogos buscan más tumbas, especialmente la de Sheben-Khunsu el primer gobernador del oasis. También trabajan en una tumba previamente descubierta que perteneció al nieto de otro gobernador del oasis, ahí encontraron un sarcófago de piedra caliza, una gran cantidad de vasijas de arcilla y algunas figurillas.

Fuente: Once Noticias
 
08/01/05
Nuevos descubrimientos arqueológicos en el Norte del Sinaí
New archaeological discovery in North Sinai
A Supreme Council for Antiquity (SCA) mission in northern Sinai said on Friday that routes used by Egyptian army soldiers during the Islamic era, a weaving workshop, a mill and water tanks were unearthed in Al-Farma fortress.The find dates back to the Abbasid reign, said SCA Secretary General Zahi Hawwas. Hawwas added that the find was made during restoration work in the Islamic site. Rectangular chambers were also unearthed inside the fortress, he said, adding that they could have been used for storing cereals and as a stove. A weaving workshop was also unearthed, he added. Farma Fortress, some 35-Kms away from Al-Qantara East town, includes several fortifications that date back to several historical eras. 

Fuente: EOL

06/01/05
Aparecen nuevas antigüedades en Asuan: Restos de la ciudad de la XXVI Dinastía han sido desenterrados en la Isla Elefantina por la Misión egipcio-suiza
Antiquities appear in Aswan
The remains of buildings from the ancient city of Aswan, dating back to El-Sawi era (the 26th Dynasty in the New Kingdom), have recently been unearthed, Minister of Culture Farouk Hosni said yesterday. The exciting discovery was made by an Egyptian-Swiss archaeological team during its excavations on Elephant Island in the River Nile in Aswan, clarified Dr. Zahi Hawass Secretary-General of the Supreme Council for Antiquities.  "The impedance of the discovery lies in its ancientness and its location in Aswan, said Dr. Hawass, adding that in the 19th Century, many antiquities disappeared as new homes and industrial projects were established in this Upper Egyptian city."

Fuente: EOL
 
29/12/04
Zahi Hawas: Silos dating back to Pharaonic era unearthed in Fayoum
California University and the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) joint expedition announced yesterday that eight silos dating back to the pre-dynasty era have been unearthed in northern Fayum. SCA Chairman, Zahi Hawas said the find is one of the most interesting discoveries as "it enriches our knowledge of the agricultural methods and techniques adopted by the Ancient Egyptians in the pre-history era." "It helps us understand the development of a hunting-based community into an agricultural one." he added. Head of California university expedition said during the archaeological survey and excavations in northern Fayum, some 67 cereal stores dating back to pre-dynasty epoch were found. They contained samples of dried cereals, fruits and flax, she added.
Fuente: EOL

 

Ir a anteriores:

Estatua doble de Neferhotep I en Karnak